sub:assertion {
  <http://eurovoc.europa.eu/632> <http://schema.org/description> "" ;
    <http://schema.org/name> "Ecology" ;
    a <http://schema.org/DefinedTerm> .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/-1095671409> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Domain> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "the economy" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/-1131524721> <http://schema.org/name> "Independent Samples Test" ;
    a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Organization> .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/-1531220596> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "duration of lockdown" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/-1805740532> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Place> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Sweden" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/-324313624> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "economic growth of country" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/-7456819> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "lessons learned" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/-900704710> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Domain> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "medicine" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100000035> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "death" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100004321> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "investment" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100008472> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "man" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100012178> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "health" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100012215> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "pandemic" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100012669> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "gross domestic product" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100058733> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "mortality rate" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100189864> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "economic growth" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100273036> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "economy" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/100515204> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "contraction" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/1017581365> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Place> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Austria" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/103624109> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "country" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/1046688274> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "deterioration of economic system" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/1082154694> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "deaths of covid 19" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/149402> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "relationship" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/1819337603> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Total Environ" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/1825645245> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "growth level of gross domestic product" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/1904606156> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "health sector" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/2023711748> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Place> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Coccia" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/2112320571> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Place> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "France" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/221244> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "lockdown" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/221246> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "lockdown" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/24484> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "duration" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/268595> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "sector" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/37209> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "people" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/58317> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Concept> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "deterioration" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/70969475> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Place> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Italy" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/752957911> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Expression> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "pandemic crisis" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/770800153> <http://schema.org/name> "Total Environ" ;
    a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Organization> .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/794006110> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Place> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Portugal" .
  <http://w3id.org/ro-id/rohub/model#subject/80085417> a <https://w3id.org/contentdesc#Place> ;
    <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel> "Spain" .
  <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-0052> <http://schema.org/email> "federica.foglini@ismar.cnr.it" ;
    <http://schema.org/name> "Federica Foglini" ;
    a <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent> .
  <https://w3id.org/ro-id/4124aa67-10cb-4105-9da4-034a777911ac/#enrichment_service-account-enrichment> <http://schema.org/name> "service-account-enrichment" ;
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    <http://schema.org/contentUrl> "https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/4124aa67-10cb-4105-9da4-034a777911ac/crate/download/" ;
    <http://schema.org/creator> <mailto:service-account-generation-service> ;
    <http://schema.org/dateCreated> "2021-12-10 09:57:53.690965+00:00" ;
    <http://schema.org/dateModified> "2025-03-05 02:47:41.945223+00:00" ;
    <http://schema.org/datePublished> "2021-12-10 09:57:53.690965+00:00" ;
    <http://schema.org/description> "How is the relation between duration of lockdown and numbers of infected people and deaths of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and growth level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in countries? Results here suggest that, during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic, countries with a shorter period of lockdown (about 15 days: Austria, Portugal and Sweden) have average confirmed cases divided by population higher than countries with a longer period of lockdown (about 60 days, i.e., 2 months: France, Italy and Spain); moreover, countries with a shorter period of lockdown have average fatality rate (5.45%) lower than countries with a longer length of lockdown (12.70%), whereas average variation of fatality rate from March to August 2020 (first pandemic wave of COVID-19) suggests a higher reduction in countries with a longer period of lockdown than countries with a shorter duration (-1.9% vs. -0.72%). Independent Samples Test reveals that average fatality rate of countries with a shorter period of lockdown was significantly lower than countries with a longer period of lockdown (5.4% vs. 12.7%, p-value<.05). The Mann-Whitney Test confirms that average fatality rate of countries with a shorter period of lockdown is significantly lower than countries having a longer period of lockdown (U = 0, p-value =.005). In addition, results show that lockdowns of longer duration have generated negative effects on GDP growth: average contraction of GDP (index 2010 = 100) from second quarter 2019 to second quarter of 2020 in countries applying a longer period of lockdown (i.e., about two months) is about -21%, whereas it is -13% in countries applying a shorter period of lockdown of about 15 days (significant difference with Independent Samples Test: t(4) = -2.274, p-value <.085). This finding shows a systematic deterioration of economic system because of containment policies based on a longer duration of lockdown in society. Another novel finding here reveals that countries with higher investments in healthcare (as percentage of GDP) have alleviated fatality rate of COVID-19 and simultaneously have applied a shorter period of lockdown, reducing negative effects on economic system in terms of contraction of economic growth. Overall, then, using lessons learned of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic crisis, this study must conclude that a strategy to reduce the negative impact of future epidemics similar to COVID-19 has to be based on a reinforcement of healthcare sector to have efficient health organizations to cope with pandemics of new viral agents by minimizing fatality rates; finally, high investments in health sector create the social conditions to apply lockdowns of short run with lower negative effects on socioeconomic systems. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." ;
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    <https://www.w3.org/ns/iana/link-relations/relation#cite-as> "Foglini, Federica. \"The relation between length of lockdown, numbers of infected people and deaths of Covid-19, and economic growth of countries: Lessons learned to cope with future pandemics similar to Covid-19 and to constrain the deterioration of economic system.\" ROHub. Dec 10 ,2021. https://w3id.org/ro-id/4124aa67-10cb-4105-9da4-034a777911ac." .
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    <http://schema.org/dateCreated> "2021-12-10 09:57:57.350896+00:00" ;
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    <http://schema.org/description> "How is the relation between duration of lockdown and numbers of infected people and deaths of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and growth level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in countries? Results here suggest that, during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic, countries with a shorter period of lockdown (about 15 days: Austria, Portugal and Sweden) have average confirmed cases divided by population higher than countries with a longer period of lockdown (about 60 days, i.e., 2 months: France, Italy and Spain); moreover, countries with a shorter period of lockdown have average fatality rate (5.45%) lower than countries with a longer length of lockdown (12.70%), whereas average variation of fatality rate from March to August 2020 (first pandemic wave of COVID-19) suggests a higher reduction in countries with a longer period of lockdown than countries with a shorter duration (-1.9% vs. -0.72%). Independent Samples Test reveals that average fatality rate of countries with a shorter period of lockdown was significantly lower than countries with a longer period of lockdown (5.4% vs. 12.7%, p-value<.05). The Mann-Whitney Test confirms that average fatality rate of countries with a shorter period of lockdown is significantly lower than countries having a longer period of lockdown (U = 0, p-value =.005). In addition, results show that lockdowns of longer duration have generated negative effects on GDP growth: average contraction of GDP (index 2010 = 100) from second quarter 2019 to second quarter of 2020 in countries applying a longer period of lockdown (i.e., about two months) is about -21%, whereas it is -13% in countries applying a shorter period of lockdown of about 15 days (significant difference with Independent Samples Test: t(4) = -2.274, p-value <.085). This finding shows a systematic deterioration of economic system because of containment policies based on a longer duration of lockdown in society. Another novel finding here reveals that countries with higher investments in healthcare (as percentage of GDP) have alleviated fatality rate of COVID-19 and simultaneously have applied a shorter period of lockdown, reducing negative effects on economic system in terms of contraction of economic growth. Overall, then, using lessons learned of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic crisis, this study must conclude that a strategy to reduce the negative impact of future epidemics similar to COVID-19 has to be based on a reinforcement of healthcare sector to have efficient health organizations to cope with pandemics of new viral agents by minimizing fatality rates; finally, high investments in health sector create the social conditions to apply lockdowns of short run with lower negative effects on socioeconomic systems. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." ;
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    a <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent> .
}