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In particular, it is the interconnect empowering the first exascale and highest-ranked supercomputer in the world, Frontier. It offers various features such as adaptive routing, congestion control, and isolated workloads. The deployment of newer interconnects raises questions about performance, scalability, and any potential bottlenecks as they are a critical element contributing to the scalability across nodes on these systems. In this paper, we will delve into the challenges the slingshot interconnect poses with current state-of-the-art MPI libraries. In particular, we look at the scalability performance when using slingshot across nodes. We present a comprehensive evaluation using various MPI and communication libraries including Cray MPICH, OpenMPI + UCX, RCCL, and MVAPICH2-GDR on GPUs on the Spock system, an early access cluster deployed with Slingshot and AMD MI100 GPUs, to emulate the Frontier system." } ], "http://schema.org/keywords" : [ { "@value" : "HPE" }, { "@value" : "MPI" }, { "@value" : "Slingshot-11" } ], "http://schema.org/license" : [ { "@id" : "https://choosealicense.com/no-permission/" } ], "http://schema.org/name" : [ { "@value" : "High Performance MPI over the Slingshot Interconnect: Early Experiences" } ], "http://schema.org/sdDatePublished" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 18:26:30.186127+00:00" } ] }, { "@id" : "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8950983", "@type" : [ "http://purl.org/wf4ever/wf4ever#Resource", "http://schema.org/MediaObject", "https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ConferencePaper" ], "http://schema.org/author" : [ { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-1643" } ], "http://schema.org/contentUrl" : [ { "@value" : "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8950983" } ], "http://schema.org/creator" : [ { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-1643" } ], "http://schema.org/dateCreated" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 16:24:00.761876+00:00" } ], "http://schema.org/dateModified" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 16:24:02.002564+00:00" } ], "http://schema.org/description" : [ { "@value" : "Abstract:\nLinux Containers with the build-once run-anywhere principle have gained huge attention in the research community where portability and reproducibility are key concerns. Unlike virtual machines (VMs), containers run the underlying host OS kernel. The container filesystem can include all necessary non-default prerequisites to run the container application at unaltered performance. For this reason, containers are popular in HPC for use with parallel/MPI applications. Some use cases include also abstraction layers, e.g. MPI applications require matching of MPI version between the host and the container, and/or GPU applications require the underlying GPU drivers to be installed within the container filesystem. In short, containers can only abstract what is above the OS kernel, not below. Consequently, portability is not completely granted. This paper presents the experience of PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computer in Europe) in supporting Singularity containers on HPC clusters and provides notes about possible approaches for deploying MPI applications using different use cases. Performance comparison between bare metal and container executions are also provided, showing a negligible overhead in the container execution." } ], "http://schema.org/keywords" : [ { "@value" : "Containers" }, { "@value" : "HPC" } ], "http://schema.org/license" : [ { "@id" : "https://choosealicense.com/no-permission/" } ], "http://schema.org/name" : [ { "@value" : "Evaluation and Benchmarking of Singularity MPI containers on EU Research e-Infrastructure" } ], "http://schema.org/sdDatePublished" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 16:24:00.761876+00:00" } ] }, { "@id" : "https://indico.jlab.org/event/459/papers/11669/files/364-CHEP23_Paper_ApptainerWithoutSuid.pdf", "@type" : [ "http://purl.org/wf4ever/wf4ever#Resource", "http://schema.org/MediaObject", "https://w3id.org/ro/terms/earth-science#ConferencePaper" ], "http://schema.org/author" : [ { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-1643" } ], "http://schema.org/contentUrl" : [ { "@value" : "https://indico.jlab.org/event/459/papers/11669/files/364-CHEP23_Paper_ApptainerWithoutSuid.pdf" } ], "http://schema.org/creator" : [ { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-1643" } ], "http://schema.org/dateCreated" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 16:27:00.256377+00:00" } ], "http://schema.org/dateModified" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 16:27:01.444678+00:00" } ], "http://schema.org/description" : [ { "@value" : "Abstract. Apptainer (formerly known as Singularity) since its beginning\nimplemented many of its container features with the assistance of a setuid-\nroot program. It still supports that mode, but as of version 1.1.0 it no\nlonger uses setuid by default. This is feasible because it now can mount\nsquashfs filesystems, ext3 filesystems, and overlay filesystems using\nunprivileged user namespaces and FUSE. It also now enables\nunprivileged users to build containers, even without requiring system\nadministrators to configure /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid unlike other\n“rootless” container systems. As a result, all the unprivileged functions\ncan be used nested inside of another container, even if the container\nruntime prevents any elevated privileges. As of version 1.2.0 Apptainer\nalso supports completely unprivileged encryption of Singularity Image\nFormat (SIF) container files. Performance with a particularly challenging\nHEP benchmark using the FUSE-based mounts both with and without\nencryption is essentially identical to the previous methods that required\nelevated privileges to use the Linux kernel-based counterparts." } ], "http://schema.org/encodingFormat" : [ { "@value" : "application/pdf" } ], "http://schema.org/license" : [ { "@id" : "https://choosealicense.com/no-permission/" } ], "http://schema.org/name" : [ { "@value" : "Apptainer Without Setuid" } ], "http://schema.org/sdDatePublished" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 16:27:00.256377+00:00" } ] }, { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1784-2920", "@type" : [ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent" ], "http://schema.org/affiliation" : [ { "@value" : "Simula Research Laboratory" } ], "http://schema.org/email" : [ { "@value" : "annef@simula.no" } ], "http://schema.org/name" : [ { "@value" : "Anne Fouilloux" } ], "https://w3id.org/dingo#orcid" : [ { "@value" : "0000-0002-1784-2920" } ] }, { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-1643", "@type" : [ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent" ], "http://schema.org/email" : [ { "@value" : "jeani@uio.no" } ], "http://schema.org/name" : [ { "@value" : "Jean Iaquinta" } ], "https://w3id.org/dingo#orcid" : [ { "@value" : "0000-0002-8763-1643" } ] }, { "@id" : "https://ror.org/00vn06n10", "@type" : [ "http://schema.org/Organization", "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent" ], "http://schema.org/email" : [ { "@value" : "post@simula.no" } ], "http://schema.org/identifier" : [ { "@value" : "00vn06n10" } ], "http://schema.org/name" : [ { "@value" : "Simula Research Laboratory" } ] }, { "@id" : "https://ror.org/01xtthb56", "@type" : [ "http://schema.org/Organization", "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent" ], "http://schema.org/identifier" : [ { "@value" : "01xtthb56" } ], "http://schema.org/name" : [ { "@value" : "University of Oslo" } ] }, { "@id" : "https://w3id.org/ro-id/18d3e6d6-e559-4e43-b464-55275bd14708/", "@type" : [ "http://purl.org/wf4ever/ro#ResearchObject", "http://purl.org/wf4ever/roevo#LiveRO", "http://schema.org/Dataset" ], "http://schema.org/about" : [ { "@id" : "http://eurovoc.europa.eu/3949" } ], "http://schema.org/author" : [ { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1784-2920" }, { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-1643" } ], "http://schema.org/contentLocation" : [ { "@id" : "https://w3id.org/ro-id/18d3e6d6-e559-4e43-b464-55275bd14708/#b977a581-c762-4bce-a2f8-a00227b93a6d" } ], "http://schema.org/contentSize" : [ { "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer", "@value" : "9827" } ], "http://schema.org/contentUrl" : [ { "@value" : "https://api.rohub.org/api/ros/18d3e6d6-e559-4e43-b464-55275bd14708/crate/download/" } ], "http://schema.org/copyrightHolder" : [ { "@id" : "https://ror.org/00vn06n10" }, { "@id" : "https://ror.org/01xtthb56" } ], "http://schema.org/creator" : [ { "@id" : "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1784-2920" } ], "http://schema.org/dateCreated" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 13:33:05.111630+00:00" } ], "http://schema.org/dateModified" : [ { "@value" : "2025-10-16 12:39:36.017908+00:00" } ], "http://schema.org/datePublished" : [ { "@value" : "2024-02-24 13:33:05.111630+00:00" } ], "http://schema.org/description" : [ { "@value" : "The modern form of containers, as popularly known through platforms like Docker, Singularity (Apptainer), Podman or Charliecloud, to cite only a few, began to take shape over a decade ago. However, the fundamentals behind containerization and actual benefits of containers in scientific computing remain largely unclear to a vast majority of users. In fact, there is a significant gap between simplistic “Hello world” examples found online and real scientific applications. Rumors suggest that achieving satisfactory performance on supercomputers across multiple nodes is impossible.\n\nThis paper describes how to leverage the full potential of high-speed networks for inter-node communications with UCX on Fram and Betzy (from the Norwegian national e-infrastructure). It is then explained how to achieve near-native performance on Lumi (EuroHPC's flagship) despite its OFI \"Slingshot-11\" interconnect and proprietary library.\n\nResults obtained in the standard OSU Micro-benchmarks tests for latency and bandwidth and with a fully-fledged climate model show that containerized applications work just as well as \"bare-metal\", are portable and provide bit-for-bit reproducibility on different platforms. \n\nContainers are therefore highly recommended to minimize deployment and porting issues \\emph{i)} for AaaS (Applications as a Service) coming with all the necessary software environment (rather than source code only); and \\emph{ii)} so that HPC users do not have to rely on anybody to install what they need and can be operational within minutes whilst still getting top performance." } ], "http://schema.org/encodingFormat" : [ { "@value" : "application/ld+json" } ], "http://schema.org/hasPart" : [ { "@id" : 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