https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/assertion https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0754-6298 https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-5013 https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://purl.org/dc/terms/language https://www.omg.org/spec/LCC/Languages/LaISO639-1-LanguageCodes/en https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher https://ror.org/04fs6r254 https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://purl.org/dc/terms/subject http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331559 https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fair/ff/terms/article https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#FAIRDigitalObject https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment settingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessReview Prescribed Fire Smoke: A Review of Composition, Measurement Methods, and Analysis by Kayode I. Fesomade 1,2ORCID andRobert A. Walker 1,2,*ORCID 1 Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Fire 2025, 8(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8070241 Submission received: 30 April 2025 / Revised: 16 June 2025 / Accepted: 17 June 2025 / Published: 20 June 2025 (This article belongs to the Section Fire Science Models, Remote Sensing, and Data) Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Prescribed fire has become an increasingly important strategy for removing biomass from forests and mitigating the risk of severe wildfire. When considering where and to what extent prescribed fire should be applied, land resource managers must consider a host of concerns including biomass density, moisture content, and meteorological conditions. These variables will not only affect how effective the burn will be, but also what sort of smoke is produced by the prescribed fire and how that smoke impacts individuals and local communities. After briefly summarizing how prescribed fire practices have evolved, this review describes how the properties of prescribed fire smoke depend on prescribed fire conditions and the methods used to measure molecular and particulate species in prescribed fire smoke. The closing section of this review identifies areas where advances in smoke monitoring and characterization can continue to improve our understanding of prescribed fire behavior. Keywords: prescribed fire; wildfire; smoke; particulate matter; emission factor; measurement; modified combustion efficiency; carbon budget. Major findings: Prescribed fire is a vital strategy for managing forests and reducing wildfire danger by clearing away excess plants through low-intensity, controlled burns that produce significantly less harmful smoke than major wildfires. This review highlights how using high-tech monitoring tools to track specific chemicals like CO2 and particulate matter helps experts protect community air quality while making local ecosystems more resilient to future disasters. https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Prescribed Fire Smoke: A Review of Composition, Measurement Methods, and Analysis https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 https://schema.org/funder https://ror.org/021nxhr62 https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 https://w3id.org/fdof/ontology#hasMetadata https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#contactPoint rawalker@montana.edu https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#endDate 2025-06-20 https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 https://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#startDate 2023-11-13 https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/pubinfo https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name Emily Regalado https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-01-21T17:40:41.545Z https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742 https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/8/7/241 https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://purl.org/nanopub/x/supersedes https://w3id.org/np/RALGnskKWoubU68yQjBbWpGopcP1kn957o8nlgokUBUOU https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY http://purl.org/nanopub/x/wasCreatedAt https://nanodash.knowledgepixels.com/ https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA7lSq6MuK_TIC6JMSHvLtee3lpLoZDOqLJCLXevnrPoU https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RA0J4vUn_dekg-U1kK3AOEt02p9mT2WO03uGxLDec1jLw https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAoTD7udB2KtUuOuAe74tJi1t3VzK0DyWS7rYVAq1GRvw https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/wasCreatedFromTemplate https://w3id.org/np/RArM5GTwgxg9qslGX-XiQ-KTTUwdoM0KB1YqmT4GqTizA https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxzr6UBGMW6c8tegz0babaledWUEQ0PLDE4tp7Iinbe2DZtAtY5JUptKYuStWDZx+QER4808P8dejNWRnBDzgthYJm/AyNSXflHSJhz2+NC+h7RylOLxbwLEQocmyKKiYxa2gT85m6ajVL2M6TnfG67nnK+K2f7iCGL6wYXRITD1q+7+5SWqBdDXIV921W4IKWaD2GJk+NRBoOqQhbsrk8Tn5XsNd7DMYVHk47oMDGbeBnrOIoRPsbBgAcoCsxxhiB9yN6Lf8EUbnlXVEDzJuZk048L1BDZL+6nkA8btTQGP2ijUFWA7rTrod3LjUDQWLZS95njjl867dtmv/znYkzwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature vJMj9BhbiRqLKFyugR1Qy9g4zX69igRwlfVDTCC2scb+3E2sPps83sTGifpKqsFL/fhNxuaiZqXU2rle/iLZGJFLQzyfLinWpRxJzwouO3aPSGw2LyyQ/hVxqHSrOGRxSA8cXou+8f4fxQhwBB5xyUSUN+X6XZl4kSTFdTGlwgnE9hmczbClSApglNqYjEuC6FHRAxbSuuS3afDMMgpFeDY8fZB/6Ds2GEyoR7oQbzh22WA2ohTUjDnV4PtERKxrQbt3NU4ADS360B8Gq8tGHfFmuTlEua93MtIIdE0S6BW5zrDVNSrVhdrqpycSnfzm8Lr1NbI8WwymiBcbjn8MpA== https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY https://w3id.org/np/RAmnuSLobfKPX3agvuf3COQyD8VQH7oPu_7asoUyyoyvY/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8411-2742